Automated summary
This skill gives guidance for writing, reviewing, and refactoring idiomatic Python: readability, PEP 8, type annotations, and explicit error handling.
Strengths
- Lays out core principles (readability, explicit over implicit, EAFP style) with before/after code samples.
- Details modern type hints (list[str], dict[str, int]) and Protocol-based typed duck typing.
- Demonstrates targeted exception handling with chaining through raise ... from e.
- Also frames the design of Python modules and packages.
Limitations
- Stays at language fundamentals: no tooling (linting, formatting, testing) and no frameworks.
- Some snippets are partial (User, Config, default_value are never defined).
- Does not cover performance tuning or concurrency.
Use it when writing, reviewing, or refactoring Python code, or when designing a module or package.
Skip it for tooling, testing, web framework, or performance-optimization needs outside this skill's scope.
Security analysis
SafeThe skill is purely instructional, containing Python code examples and best practices. It does not instruct any execution of commands, network access, file manipulation, or any potentially harmful actions. No declared tools are used.
No concerns found
How this analysis is madeExamples
Review these Python files for idiomatic style, PEP 8, and missing type hints, and tell me exactly what to change.Write a Python 3.11 load_config(path) function with modern type hints and explicit handling of FileNotFoundError and json.JSONDecodeError, chaining the original exception.Refactor this dictionary-access function to follow the EAFP style instead of LBYL, keeping the type hints accurate.name: python-patterns description: Patrones idiomáticos de Python, estándares PEP 8, type hints y buenas prácticas para construir aplicaciones Python robustas, eficientes y mantenibles. origin: ECC
Patrones de Desarrollo Python
Patrones idiomáticos de Python y buenas prácticas para construir aplicaciones robustas, eficientes y mantenibles.
Cuándo Activar
- Escribir código Python nuevo
- Revisar código Python
- Refactorizar código Python existente
- Diseñar paquetes/módulos Python
Principios Fundamentales
1. La Legibilidad Cuenta
Python prioriza la legibilidad. El código debe ser obvio y fácil de entender.
# Bien: Claro y legible
def get_active_users(users: list[User]) -> list[User]:
"""Retorna solo los usuarios activos de la lista proporcionada."""
return [user for user in users if user.is_active]
# Mal: Inteligente pero confuso
def get_active_users(u):
return [x for x in u if x.a]
2. Explícito es Mejor que Implícito
Evitar la magia; ser claro sobre lo que hace el código.
# Bien: Configuración explícita
import logging
logging.basicConfig(
level=logging.INFO,
format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s'
)
# Mal: Efectos secundarios ocultos
import some_module
some_module.setup() # ¿Qué hace esto?
3. EAFP - Es Más Fácil Pedir Perdón que Permiso
Python prefiere el manejo de excepciones sobre verificar condiciones.
# Bien: Estilo EAFP
def get_value(dictionary: dict, key: str) -> Any:
try:
return dictionary[key]
except KeyError:
return default_value
# Mal: Estilo LBYL (Look Before You Leap)
def get_value(dictionary: dict, key: str) -> Any:
if key in dictionary:
return dictionary[key]
else:
return default_value
Type Hints
Anotaciones de Tipo Básicas
from typing import Optional, List, Dict, Any
def process_user(
user_id: str,
data: Dict[str, Any],
active: bool = True
) -> Optional[User]:
"""Procesa un usuario y retorna el User actualizado o None."""
if not active:
return None
return User(user_id, data)
Type Hints Modernos (Python 3.9+)
# Python 3.9+ - Usar tipos built-in
def process_items(items: list[str]) -> dict[str, int]:
return {item: len(item) for item in items}
# Python 3.8 y anteriores - Usar módulo typing
from typing import List, Dict
def process_items(items: List[str]) -> Dict[str, int]:
return {item: len(item) for item in items}
Type Aliases y TypeVar
from typing import TypeVar, Union
# Type alias para tipos complejos
JSON = Union[dict[str, Any], list[Any], str, int, float, bool, None]
def parse_json(data: str) -> JSON:
return json.loads(data)
# Tipos genéricos
T = TypeVar('T')
def first(items: list[T]) -> T | None:
"""Retorna el primer elemento o None si la lista está vacía."""
return items[0] if items else None
Duck Typing Basado en Protocol
from typing import Protocol
class Renderable(Protocol):
def render(self) -> str:
"""Renderiza el objeto a una cadena."""
def render_all(items: list[Renderable]) -> str:
"""Renderiza todos los elementos que implementan el protocolo Renderable."""
return "\n".join(item.render() for item in items)
Patrones de Manejo de Errores
Manejo de Excepciones Específicas
# Bien: Capturar excepciones específicas
def load_config(path: str) -> Config:
try:
with open(path) as f:
return Config.from_json(f.read())
except FileNotFoundError as e:
raise ConfigError(f"Archivo de config no encontrado: {path}") from e
except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
raise ConfigError(f"JSON inválido en config: {path}") from e
# Mal: except desnudo
def load_config(path: str) -> Config:
try:
with open(path) as f:
return Config.from_json(f.read())
except:
return None # ¡Fallo silencioso!
Encadenamiento de Excepciones
def process_data(data: str) -> Result:
try:
parsed = json.loads(data)
except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
# Encadenar excepciones para preservar el traceback
raise ValueError(f"Error al parsear datos: {data}") from e
Jerarquía de Excepciones Personalizadas
class AppError(Exception):
"""Excepción base para todos los errores de la aplicación."""
pass
class ValidationError(AppError):
"""Se lanza cuando falla la validación de entrada."""
pass
class NotFoundError(AppError):
"""Se lanza cuando no se encuentra un recurso solicitado."""
pass
# Uso
def get_user(user_id: str) -> User:
user = db.find_user(user_id)
if not user:
raise NotFoundError(f"Usuario no encontrado: {user_id}")
return user
Context Managers
Gestión de Recursos
# Bien: Usar context managers
def process_file(path: str) -> str:
with open(path, 'r') as f:
return f.read()
# Mal: Gestión manual de recursos
def process_file(path: str) -> str:
f = open(path, 'r')
try:
return f.read()
finally:
f.close()
Context Managers Personalizados
from contextlib import contextmanager
@contextmanager
def timer(name: str):
"""Context manager para medir el tiempo de un bloque de código."""
start = time.perf_counter()
yield
elapsed = time.perf_counter() - start
print(f"{name} tardó {elapsed:.4f} segundos")
# Uso
with timer("procesamiento de datos"):
process_large_dataset()
Clases Context Manager
class DatabaseTransaction:
def __init__(self, connection):
self.connection = connection
def __enter__(self):
self.connection.begin_transaction()
return self
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
if exc_type is None:
self.connection.commit()
else:
self.connection.rollback()
return False # No suprimir excepciones
# Uso
with DatabaseTransaction(conn):
user = conn.create_user(user_data)
conn.create_profile(user.id, profile_data)
Comprehensions y Generadores
List Comprehensions
# Bien: List comprehension para transformaciones simples
names = [user.name for user in users if user.is_active]
# Mal: Loop manual
names = []
for user in users:
if user.is_active:
names.append(user.name)
# Las comprehensions complejas deben expandirse
# Mal: Demasiado complejo
result = [x * 2 for x in items if x > 0 if x % 2 == 0]
# Bien: Usar una función generadora
def filter_and_transform(items: Iterable[int]) -> list[int]:
result = []
for x in items:
if x > 0 and x % 2 == 0:
result.append(x * 2)
return result
Expresiones Generadoras
# Bien: Generador para evaluación lazy
total = sum(x * x for x in range(1_000_000))
# Mal: Crea una lista intermedia grande
total = sum([x * x for x in range(1_000_000)])
Funciones Generadoras
def read_large_file(path: str) -> Iterator[str]:
"""Lee un archivo grande línea por línea."""
with open(path) as f:
for line in f:
yield line.strip()
# Uso
for line in read_large_file("huge.txt"):
process(line)
Data Classes y Named Tuples
Data Classes
from dataclasses import dataclass, field
from datetime import datetime
@dataclass
class User:
"""Entidad de usuario con __init__, __repr__ y __eq__ automáticos."""
id: str
name: str
email: str
created_at: datetime = field(default_factory=datetime.now)
is_active: bool = True
# Uso
user = User(
id="123",
name="Alice",
email="alice@example.com"
)
Data Classes con Validación
@dataclass
class User:
email: str
age: int
def __post_init__(self):
# Validar formato de email
if "@" not in self.email:
raise ValueError(f"Email inválido: {self.email}")
# Validar rango de edad
if self.age < 0 or self.age > 150:
raise ValueError(f"Edad inválida: {self.age}")
Named Tuples
from typing import NamedTuple
class Point(NamedTuple):
"""Punto 2D inmutable."""
x: float
y: float
def distance(self, other: 'Point') -> float:
return ((self.x - other.x) ** 2 + (self.y - other.y) ** 2) ** 0.5
# Uso
p1 = Point(0, 0)
p2 = Point(3, 4)
print(p1.distance(p2)) # 5.0
Decoradores
Decoradores de Función
import functools
import time
def timer(func: Callable) -> Callable:
"""Decorador para medir el tiempo de ejecución de una función."""
@functools.wraps(func)
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
start = time.perf_counter()
result = func(*args, **kwargs)
elapsed = time.perf_counter() - start
print(f"{func.__name__} tardó {elapsed:.4f}s")
return result
return wrapper
@timer
def slow_function():
time.sleep(1)
# slow_function() imprime: slow_function tardó 1.0012s
Decoradores Parametrizados
def repeat(times: int):
"""Decorador para repetir una función múltiples veces."""
def decorator(func: Callable) -> Callable:
@functools.wraps(func)
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
results = []
for _ in range(times):
results.append(func(*args, **kwargs))
return results
return wrapper
return decorator
@repeat(times=3)
def greet(name: str) -> str:
return f"¡Hola, {name}!"
# greet("Alice") retorna ["¡Hola, Alice!", "¡Hola, Alice!", "¡Hola, Alice!"]
Decoradores Basados en Clases
class CountCalls:
"""Decorador que cuenta cuántas veces se llama una función."""
def __init__(self, func: Callable):
functools.update_wrapper(self, func)
self.func = func
self.count = 0
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.count += 1
print(f"{self.func.__name__} ha sido llamada {self.count} veces")
return self.func(*args, **kwargs)
@CountCalls
def process():
pass
# Cada llamada a process() imprime el conteo de llamadas
Patrones de Concurrencia
Threading para Tareas I/O-Bound
import concurrent.futures
def fetch_url(url: str) -> str:
"""Obtiene una URL (operación I/O-bound)."""
import urllib.request
with urllib.request.urlopen(url) as response:
return response.read().decode()
def fetch_all_urls(urls: list[str]) -> dict[str, str]:
"""Obtiene múltiples URLs concurrentemente usando hilos."""
with concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=10) as executor:
future_to_url = {executor.submit(fetch_url, url): url for url in urls}
results = {}
for future in concurrent.futures.as_completed(future_to_url):
url = future_to_url[future]
try:
results[url] = future.result()
except Exception as e:
results[url] = f"Error: {e}"
return results
Multiprocessing para Tareas CPU-Bound
def process_data(data: list[int]) -> int:
"""Cómputo intensivo de CPU."""
return sum(x ** 2 for x in data)
def process_all(datasets: list[list[int]]) -> list[int]:
"""Procesa múltiples datasets usando múltiples procesos."""
with concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor() as executor:
results = list(executor.map(process_data, datasets))
return results
Async/Await para I/O Concurrente
import asyncio
async def fetch_async(url: str) -> str:
"""Obtiene una URL de forma asíncrona."""
import aiohttp
async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
async with session.get(url) as response:
return await response.text()
async def fetch_all(urls: list[str]) -> dict[str, str]:
"""Obtiene múltiples URLs concurrentemente."""
tasks = [fetch_async(url) for url in urls]
results = await asyncio.gather(*tasks, return_exceptions=True)
return dict(zip(urls, results))
Organización de Paquetes
Layout Estándar del Proyecto
myproject/
├── src/
│ └── mypackage/
│ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── main.py
│ ├── api/
│ │ ├── __init__.py
│ │ └── routes.py
│ ├── models/
│ │ ├── __init__.py
│ │ └── user.py
│ └── utils/
│ ├── __init__.py
│ └── helpers.py
├── tests/
│ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── conftest.py
│ ├── test_api.py
│ └── test_models.py
├── pyproject.toml
├── README.md
└── .gitignore
Convenciones de Importación
# Bien: Orden de importación - stdlib, terceros, locales
import os
import sys
from pathlib import Path
import requests
from fastapi import FastAPI
from mypackage.models import User
from mypackage.utils import format_name
# Bien: Usar isort para ordenar importaciones automáticamente
init.py para Exportaciones del Paquete
# mypackage/__init__.py
"""mypackage - Un paquete Python de ejemplo."""
__version__ = "1.0.0"
# Exportar clases/funciones principales al nivel del paquete
from mypackage.models import User, Post
from mypackage.utils import format_name
__all__ = ["User", "Post", "format_name"]
Memoria y Rendimiento
Uso de slots para Eficiencia de Memoria
# Mal: La clase regular usa __dict__ (más memoria)
class Point:
def __init__(self, x: float, y: float):
self.x = x
self.y = y
# Bien: __slots__ reduce el uso de memoria
class Point:
__slots__ = ['x', 'y']
def __init__(self, x: float, y: float):
self.x = x
self.y = y
Generador para Datos Grandes
# Mal: Retorna la lista completa en memoria
def read_lines(path: str) -> list[str]:
with open(path) as f:
return [line.strip() for line in f]
# Bien: Produce líneas una a la vez
def read_lines(path: str) -> Iterator[str]:
with open(path) as f:
for line in f:
yield line.strip()
Evitar la Concatenación de Cadenas en Loops
# Mal: O(n²) debido a la inmutabilidad de cadenas
result = ""
for item in items:
result += str(item)
# Bien: O(n) usando join
result = "".join(str(item) for item in items)
Integración de Herramientas Python
Comandos Esenciales
# Formateo de código
black .
isort .
# Linting
ruff check .
pylint mypackage/
# Verificación de tipos
mypy .
# Pruebas
pytest --cov=mypackage --cov-report=html
# Escaneo de seguridad
bandit -r .
# Gestión de dependencias
pip-audit
safety check
Configuración de pyproject.toml
[project]
name = "mypackage"
version = "1.0.0"
requires-python = ">=3.9"
dependencies = [
"requests>=2.31.0",
"pydantic>=2.0.0",
]
[project.optional-dependencies]
dev = [
"pytest>=7.4.0",
"pytest-cov>=4.1.0",
"black>=23.0.0",
"ruff>=0.1.0",
"mypy>=1.5.0",
]
[tool.black]
line-length = 88
target-version = ['py39']
[tool.ruff]
line-length = 88
select = ["E", "F", "I", "N", "W"]
[tool.mypy]
python_version = "3.9"
warn_return_any = true
warn_unused_configs = true
disallow_untyped_defs = true
[tool.pytest.ini_options]
testpaths = ["tests"]
addopts = "--cov=mypackage --cov-report=term-missing"
Referencia Rápida: Patrones Python
| Patrón | Descripción |
|--------|-------------|
| EAFP | Es Más Fácil Pedir Perdón que Permiso |
| Context managers | Usar with para gestión de recursos |
| List comprehensions | Para transformaciones simples |
| Generadores | Para evaluación lazy y datasets grandes |
| Type hints | Anotar las firmas de funciones |
| Dataclasses | Para contenedores de datos con métodos auto-generados |
| __slots__ | Para optimización de memoria |
| f-strings | Para formateo de cadenas (Python 3.6+) |
| pathlib.Path | Para operaciones de rutas (Python 3.4+) |
| enumerate | Para pares índice-elemento en loops |
Anti-Patrones a Evitar
# Mal: Argumentos por defecto mutables
def append_to(item, items=[]):
items.append(item)
return items
# Bien: Usar None y crear nueva lista
def append_to(item, items=None):
if items is None:
items = []
items.append(item)
return items
# Mal: Verificar tipo con type()
if type(obj) == list:
process(obj)
# Bien: Usar isinstance
if isinstance(obj, list):
process(obj)
# Mal: Comparar con None usando ==
if value == None:
process()
# Bien: Usar is
if value is None:
process()
# Mal: from module import *
from os.path import *
# Bien: Importaciones explícitas
from os.path import join, exists
# Mal: except desnudo
try:
risky_operation()
except:
pass
# Bien: Excepción específica
try:
risky_operation()
except SpecificError as e:
logger.error(f"Operación fallida: {e}")
Recuerda: El código Python debe ser legible, explícito y seguir el principio de la menor sorpresa. Ante la duda, prioriza la claridad sobre la ingeniosidad.
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